We are proud to announce that our latest report (D3.3) is now publicly available. It presents a full-year assessment of smart-charging and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) strategies for the GIANTS modular swappable-battery platform. Extending on D3.2, this work integrates high-fidelity vehicle-energy simulations, battery-pool sizing optimization and a comprehensive evaluation of charging and V2X value streams.
At the core of the report is the Batter Control Algorithm (BCA): A linear-optimization framework that manages charging, V2X dispatch and reserve-pool sizing. The BCA treats the depot’s swappable battery pool as a dynamic stationary storage asset and optimizes its operation against day-ahead electricity prices, PV generation, fleet swap schedules and SoC constraints.
The key results include:
- Full-year simulation of the BUZZZ Malta ride-hailing fleet (25 LEVs, 20-pack reserve, 100 kWp PV)
- Total annual saving: €9,716, broken down into:
- Peak shaving & TOU arbitrage: €7,157
- PV self-consumption: €254
- V2B (behind-the-meter): €832
- V2G (grid export): €1,473
- 76% of savings come from unidirectional smart charging; 24% from bidirectional V2X.
- High-resolution vehicle-energy modelling replaces earlier flat-rate assumptions, improving accuracy and transferability
- Reserve-pack sizing analysis shows that operationally required spare packs can be cost-neutral through energy revenues under central assumptions
D3.3 delivers a scalable methodology for evaluating smart charging and V2X potential in modular swappable-battery fleets. It provides a quantitative foundation for prioritizing smart-charging strategies and assessing the business case for V2X-enabled hardware upgrades.
Explore how GIANTS leverages modular swappable batteries to unlock new value streams in fleet energy management:
Find the full document here: GIANTS D3.3
Authors: Tomi Nord (i2m), Ratislav Toman (CVUT)